**Philippines Timeline**
MARCH 16, 1521	Portueguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan arrived in Samar--an island in the Visayan region--on this Day of Lazarus.
MARCH 29, 1521	To seal their new friendship on this Good Friday, Magellan and the leadersof Limasawa and Butuan made the first recorded blood compact in Philippine history; each men drank the other’s blood, mixed with win e.
MARCH 31, 1521	After an Easter Sunday mass in Limasawa, Magellan erected a cross; he discovered the land for Spain and named it the “Archipelago of St. Lazarus.”
APRIL 27, 1521	Magellan and his men invaded in Mactan. However, through the leadership of Lapu-Lapu, the natives of Mactan defeated the Spaniards. Along the process, Lapu-Lapu killed Magellan, and through this, Lapu-Lapu became the firstmajor Filipino fighter for freedom.
FEBRUARY 2, 1543	Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reached Mindanao, and later, he named Samar and Leyte “Islas Filipinas” in honor of Prince Philip of Asturias (lager Philip II of Spain). This name eventually was extended to the restof the archipelago.
FEBRUARY 13, 1565	Through the leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, this Spanish expidition spotted Cebu. However, due to Cebuano hostility, Le gaspi’s crew sailed to neighboring islands.
APRIL 27, 1565	Legaspi’s men attacked Cebu, and the Cebuanos were defeated. Thus,this defeat symbolized the first Spanish settleme nt in the Philippines. And to this day, Cebu City is the oldest city in the Philippines.

**The Spanish in the Philippines**
In 1565 Spanish vessels arrived, and permanent colonial settlements were built. Among the earliest was on Cebu, settled by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. In 1570, after defeating the forces of Muslim ruler Rajah Soliman, Manila was settled by the Spanish and proclaimed the capital of the colony. Spain's immediate objectives in the Philippines were to use the islands as a base for further expansion, to establish the colony as a center for the production and export of tropical spices, and to convert the natives to Christianity. These goals were not quickly achieved, because Spain had to contend with England's destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588 and needed to devote energy and resources to developing its coloniesin the Americas which were, after all, much nearer to Spain. Nevertheless, by the early 1600s, Spain's control of the Philippines was complete. Roman Catholicism had generally replaced the animistic beliefs of most Filipinos and, except in the Muslim south and in the remote interiors, it became the dominant religion in the Philippines. The 350 years of Spanish rule greatly changed the islands. A new religion had been introduced. The encomienda system of land ownership was established, by which the colony was divided into parcels, each assigned to an influential Spanish national. Spain introduced payment of tribute and forced labor for the production of commodities such as sugarcane. The galleon trade was another innovation. Galleons were large ships that plied the trade between China and Mexico from the early 16th to the early 19th centuries, using Manila as a stopover port. The Philippines was, administratively, part of the vice royalty of Mexico. In spite of the distance between the two, the islands were closely linked to Mexico by the galleons, which carried Chinese silk and porcelain from Manila to Mexico and brought priests and silver bullion on the return voyage. The Spanish limited trade to only one galleon per year in order to minimize the drain of silver to China and to prevent Chinese goods from flooding Spanish markets. By this time, however, Chinese merchants had already settled in the Philippines and become brokers for other trade from China. By the 1590s the Chinese had become an economically vital community, serving not only as traders but also as bookkeepers and artisans. Many Chinese, aware of the political and social advantages enjoyed by the Roman Catholics in the Spanish colony, converted to Roman Catholicism and married Filipinas, or Filipino women. Many of the mixed-marriage descendants,known as mestizos, became a dynamic and influential force in Philippine society. After the galleon trade ended, the Philippines established direct trade links with Europe and the United States. The need for money earned by export crops hastened the development of plantation agriculture in the Philippines. This had begun in the 18th century with the growing of sugarcane, followed soon by coconut, tobacco, and, indigo. Many Spaniards and Filipinas intermarried, and their descendants, also knownas mestizos, became the wealthy sugar planters on the islands of Negros, Panay, and elsewhere. The children of the wealthy landowners, often educated abroad, became the ilustrados, or enlightened ones, who eventually demanded greater power in governing the colony. They formed the nucleus of a growing nationalism in the islands. Discontent among the ilustrados and among some of the clergy became especially strong during the latter half of the 19th century. This nationalist sentiment erupted in 1872, when three Filipino priests were executed by the Spanish authorities. The priests had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila. These executions and other repressive acts outraged the ilustrados. Filipino intellectuals and students, led by Jose Rizal, met in Europe to promote the Philippine cause. Their aim at the time was not to win independence from Spain but to obtain reforms such as legal equality for Filipinos. Rizal was a physician educated in Madrid. He lived in Spain from 1882 until 1892. He became the leading spokesman for reform. By the mid-1890s he and his associates had become disillusioned and some participants had abandoned hope for a peaceful solution. Revolution seemed to be the only answer. The execution of Jose Rizal by the Spaniards on Dec. 30, 1896, assured his martyrdom and pushed the ilustrados to revolution. The people's revolution had already commenced earlier in 1896 under the leadership of Andres Bonifacio, who headed the Katipunan, or Association of Sons of the People. Bonifacio launched an armed rebellion in San Juan del Monte in August. Although Rizal never supported Bonifacio, the former's assassination brought together his ilustrados and members of the Katipunan. A young member of the Philippine provincialelite named Emilio Aguinaldo emerged as the best of the revolutionary generals. A leadership struggle erupted between him and Bonifacio, and the latter was eventually killed. This badly weakened Filipino unity. But the Spanish were also enmeshed in an unsuccessful war in Cuba and were eager to end the fighting in the Philippines. The Spanish offered Aguinaldo and his supporters amnesty and an indemnity if Aguinaldo would go into exile. Aguinaldo agreed and left the islands at the end of 1897. --------------------------------------------------------- Excerpted from Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia Copyright © 1994, 1995 Compton’s NewMedia, Inc.
Back to Top Related Links Philippine National Heroes A great site, with pictures and descriptions of the national heroes of the Philippines. Terms from the Philippine Revolution An index, with the definition of terms used during The Revolution, and in Katipunan: The Cry for freedom.

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